Confucianism- Religion or Not?

Confucianism- Religion or Not? Religion has always played a key aspect to societies, ancient or not. Whether to unify a group of people, or to provide a common thought to ensure that the civilization not fail, there is no argument as to the importance of religion. However, in every ancient society, religions share common characteristics which define the term religion itself. There are certain forms to which each religion has to mold to in order to be considered a religion in itself. Certain thought processes or beliefs are exempt from being considered religion. A prime example of this would be Confucianism- Confucianism cannot be considered a religion, but a thought process. Confucianism is not considered a religion for many reasons. First off, one must define the term religion as it pertains to ancient societies. The Princeton Dictionary defines religion as- â€Å"A strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that controls human destiny† From ancient societies, one could also tack on that with religion comes holidays or celebrations. After settling on a definition, one can then proceed to pick apart the parts of the definition, and identify as to whether or not Confucianism adheres to these parts. A religion is a strong belief in a supernatural power. In virtually every other dominant ancient religion this holds true. In the lands of Egypt, the belief in a great many Gods, all in charge of a specific task, was the religion accepted by the community. For a small time, the religion even was changed by the Pharaoh to monotheism, before switching back into polytheism. In the ancient lands of India, the belief of Hinduism was the accepted religion. Despite the fact that Hinduism is considered a way of life, a Dharma, there were still many Hindu Gods, such as Ganesha, that Hindus trusted and believed in. However, when one considers Confucianism, one would find no belief in any higher being or God. There is no higher force in Confucianism, which conflicts with a part of the definition of a religion. Looking further, we can see that with every religion follows with it certain celebrations and holidays. In the Hebrew religion, there are many holidays, such as Purim. In the ancient Egyptian religion, there were numerous holidays as well, all in honor of their many Gods. Each of these religions also had religions ceremonies held in temples, such as festivals performed by priests in the Hindu religion. However, Confucianism does not contain either of these practices. There are no holidays in Confucianism, and there are no religious ceremonies to be performed. Although ancient religions differed in viewpoints, there were many redeeming similarities between the religions. It is from these similarities that a definition of what a religion is was formulated from, and how to classify a thought system as a religion. Because Confucianism simply does not contain the bare necessities of other religions, it is not possible to classify Confucianism as a religion on its own.

Summary: The Native Son

The Native Son is a novel by Richard Wright, which is set in southern part of Chicago in the 1930’s. The novel, which was divided into three books, Fear, Flight, and Fate, is basically a story of 22-year old Bigger Thomas, an African-American, and his struggles living an impoverished life of crime The scene opens with Bigger being awakened by the screams of his sister, Vera and mother. He saw that the cause of the commotion was a big rat. He and his brother, Buddy, drove the rodent into a corner, but the rat retaliates and wounds Bigger. Ultimately, Bigger kills the rat with a heavy iron skilled Bigger's wanted to become an aviator but is instead given a job for a white millionaire-philanthropist named Henry Dalton. During this time, his mother warns him to forget his criminal habits, lest he end up in prison and also tells him to go out and get a job if he â€Å"had any manhood in him.† Although he sincerely cares about his family, Bigger knows that he will never have a big time job that will enable him to support his family Despite his mother’s warning, Bigger meets his gang and they hatch a plan to rob Blum's Deli. However, he is actually afraid to commit robbery and he tells this to his friend Gus, who in turn calls Bigger’s bluff. This angered Bigger and he attempted to stab his would-be friend but gets up being kicked out of the gang. He then prepares for the interview with Mr. Dalton. Although Bigger doesn’t really want to take the job, he is amazed by the massive wealth of his potential employer so he decides to proceed. However, he fails to answer clearly at the interview and frightened by some of the house’s furniture as well as Mr. Dalton’s blind wife, his maid Peggy and daughter Mary. Bigger remembers seeing Mary in a newsreel which showed that she was Communist sympathizer along with her boyfriend, Jan Elrone, who is a communist herself.

Global perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global perspective - Essay Example Individuals can travel from one country to another by taking direct flights. Therefore, this increases criminal cases such as illegal immigration and drug dealing and human trafficking (Ndiaye,  2007). These cases are mainly caused by the wide spared globalization. They affect the criminal justice systems of the United States significantly because; they demand a lot of time and thus; other areas of the systems have to be foregone. Globalization has also increased cross-border terrorism, which affects the American Criminal Justice System considerably. This is because while people move from one place to another while conducting trade, assessing all the people entering the country becomes difficult. Therefore, globalization leaves a loophole for terrorists to enter a country. Illegal immigration on the other could also be said to arise from extensive globalization since; people enter a country as traders or business people with fake documents and yet the authorities fail to realize it (Ndiaye,  2007). This can be attributed to the multitude of cases burdening the Criminal Justice System such that; it fails to exercise keenness in its work. However, globalization can also be said to have a positive effect on the American Criminal Justice Systems. This is because with globalization, law enforcement agencies are now able to obtain information about people within a very short period. In addition, globalization connects the American criminal justice system with criminal justice systems of other countries in the world. Therefore, the system has become stronger since it can borrow different ideas from the other systems. Through globalization, the American criminal justice system also coordinates well the criminal justice systems of other countries to ensure that criminal activities are acutely reduced. The civil law is a type of law that deals with the kinds of disputes that are not termed as criminal cases. Therefore, the law solves disputes arising from matters suc h as contracts, divorces, ownership of property, child custody and compensation for property or personal damage. The law is normally based on the ruling of court but sometimes it is based on the federal statutes. Basically, civil law serves as a remedy of solving problems among people. Common law is a type of law that deals with similar cases as the civil law. However, the difference between the civil law and common law is that judgments in common law are based on prior judgments made by other judges on similar or closely related cases. Therefore, judges depend on their predecessors’ judgments to decide cases in court (Quigley,  1989). However, sometimes judges have to look outside the set precedents in order to avoid the issue of rigidity in solving cases. Islamic law is a type of law that mainly solves Muslim cases based on their holy book, the Quran. The law, which is widely known as the Sharia Law, solves all kinds of cases irrespective of whether they are criminal or c ivil. For instance, it solves matters concerning crime, politics and financial issues. The law also solves personal matters such as fasting, prayer and hygiene. In the Sharia law, plaintiffs and defendants are not required to hire lawyers to represent them. Instead, the individuals normally represent themselves in the Sharia court. Socialist law is a type of law used in communist states such as China. Although the law is based on the civil law, it has been slightly modified in order to fit the ways of communism. The

Application of the Nursing Process to Delivery Culturally Competent Essay

Application of the Nursing Process to Delivery Culturally Competent Care - Essay Example Although the Hispanics still reserve aspects of their traditional cultural beliefs, medical care should be sought because it is necessary for longevity. Therefore, in order to deliver a competent service to them, I would have to heavily invest in communication (Adrian, J. et al., 2013). Although the Hispanics have lots of differences, I would strive to understand all the environmental, physiological and psychosocial factors influencing their communication process. After acquiring such knowledge, I would not hesitate to establish a healthy interpersonal communication and relationship with them (Betancourt et al., 2011). For me to deliver competent services to the Hispanics, I would strive to deal with any barrier such as linguistic limitations and the use of verbal and non-verbal cues at all times. To do this, I would have to be a critical listener who gives enough time to my patients to express themselves. Also, if need arises, I would have to involve the support of the patient’s close friends or carers (American Association of Medical Colleges, 2013). This would help me to overcome the ethical dilemma of confidentiality and benevolence that might arise. For me to deliver culturally competent and sensitive healthcare services to the Hispanics, it should be incumbent upon me to carry out an informed cultural assessment. This would be done using the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence, an assessment model developed in 1995 to help in carrying out cultural studies by healthcare providers. Here, I will apply the Sunlight Model to help me in understanding how the Hispanic’s cultural values, beliefs and traditional practices influence them (Office of Minority Health, 2002). It is an assessment model that would make it much easier for me to have knowledge of the all aspects of the Hispanics including their attitudes, cultural beliefs, perceptions and major issues of heath concern to them. As minorities, the

Narrative of the life of frederick douglass Research Paper

Narrative of the life of frederick douglass - Research Paper Example He highlighted that he had served his entire life as a slave during such meetings. However, his oratory skills made many people doubt that he had served as a slave for more than 20 years. The fact that people doubted him, was one of the factors that pushed him to tell his story by writing a memoir that detailed his entire experience from childhood until the time when he escaped from slavery. Reading the book creates a vivid picture of how it was like to be born into slavery and begin serving as a slave at a very tender age. Notably, Douglass’ memoir was published during a time when the anti-slavery movement was gaining momentum. Therefore, it served to place emphasis on the need to terminate slavery. However, the relevance of the book in the years that would follow declined until the 1960s when the civil rights movement became very active. This paper will discuss the journey taken from Douglass’ text, and how it has emerged as one of the critical literary works in the s lave narrative genre. After Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave was published, it starred an alarming interest on the impacts of slavery. Surprisingly, many people did not realize that slaves were oppressed and mistreated badly. The literature that existed before Douglass’ was published highlighted that slavery benefited both the slave masters and the slaves. The public had been deceived by such information and Douglass wanted to expose the evils of slavery. He was one of the few slaves fortunate enough to exhibit a remarkable level of literacy. His memoir served as a revelation to the real experiences of slaves under their masters. It served to promote the Douglass’ agenda of abolishing slavery. It communicated numerous reasons why African American slaves deserved freedom (Barnes 69). At the end of the memoir, Douglass had stated that he was in pursuit of the freedom of other African American

CYBER BULLING A SOCIAL PROBLEM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CYBER BULLING A SOCIAL PROBLEM - Research Paper Example According to Wanamaker (2012), the abuses from cyber bullying are as hurtful to the victim as physical abuse. In most cases, it has resulted to low self-esteem and to some extent suicide. Cyber bulling is a developing social problem that needs social workers to tackle. Many social workers today are inadequately equipped to handle the issue between students. Because cyber bullying can lead to mental harm, the social workers do not have the right skills for handling the problem properly. Cyber bullying mostly occurs over the Internet hence it has become difficult for staff and social workers to monitor the issue. Since social workers are essential to school mental health services and offer crisis intervention services compared to staff members, they will be important in developing effective and accurate cyber bullying policies. People may claim that cyber bullying has declined, but the more people become aware of the problem they realize that many kids are involved in it. To those kids and teens involved, it has become a game given the anonymity associated with it. The anonymously that the Internet provides has highly encouraged cyber bullying. Due to this aspect of the Internet, cyber bullying has become an online version of teasing and cruelty that usually exists in schools. While the Internet provides anonymity, it also provides a wide range of opportunity to reach, many people as it is open to anyone. Therefore, since many people can access the Internet and the fact that it is difficult to establish who said what, this encourages people to use the Internet to bully others. Education is truly essential when it comes to cyber bullying. While the upcoming Internet-based networking sites might appear to challenge to any user, children and teens do not likely have the maturity of using these sites. The well-educated parents keep

Strategic management financial data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic management financial data - Essay Example Importantly it has an excellent reputation for its commitment to being an equal opportunities employer and to corporate philanthropy. Whilst it does not have anywhere near McDonald's market share, over the last five years its stock has consistently outperformed McDonald's: Figure 2: Yum v McDonald's 2002-2007 Source: Marketwatch.com According to the CEO, David Novak, Yum! claims an annual return for investors of 24% between 2000-2005. Little wonder he refers to the company as "a demonstrated cash machine with a strong investment grade balance sheet". 2 Revenue Growth Last 5 Years3 I have presented both the raw figures, taken from the 2001-2005 Annual reports respectively and calculated the revenue growth rate using the formula: Growth multiple: (current year/last year) = 1.344599 Growth % rate: Growth multiple - 1 x 100 =Annualised Growth last 5 years To work out the annualised growth rate between 2005 and 2000 I used the following formula: Time = 5 Growth multiple = 1.344599 = 1.061008 Then subtract 1 and multiple by 100 = 6% Operating Expenses as a % Revenue I calculated this figure using the formula: Operating expenses/revenue*100 Gross Profit Margin (GPM) I found this information on the Income statement and used the following calculation: To Calculate Gross Profit Net Sales (NS) minus Cost of Sales =Gross Profit (GP) GPM = GP/NS Market Capitalization I found 2 definitions for capitalization Definition 1 The sum of a corporation's long-term debt, stock and retained earnings. Also called invested capital. Definition 2 The market price of an entire company, calculated by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the price per share. here also called market cap or market...Importantly it has an excellent reputation for its commitment to being an equal opportunities employer and to corporate philanthropy. According to the CEO, David Novak, Yum! claims an annual return for investors of 24% between 2000-2005. Little wonder he refers to the company as "a demonstrated cash machine with a strong investment grade balance sheet". 2 Figures 5-6: In the last 2 years Yum! has struggled to outperform the market. This is consistent with the difficulty in sustaining a competitive advantage. Markets trend toward competitive convergence as competitors copy operational efficiencies. However since October 2005 (Figure 5) Yum! has easily outperformed the Dow Jones US Restaurant & Bars index. Figure 9 provides the contrast between Yum! and the Dow Jones US Restaurant & Bars index over the last 5 years. With the exception of a 'blip' in 2002-3 when Yum! was no better or worse than the Dow Jones US Restaurant & Bars index, Yum! has outperformed its sector overall in each of the last 5 years.

Criminology - Criminal Courts And Prisons Essay

Criminology - Criminal Courts And Prisons - Essay Example It will be possible to determine whether indeterminate sentences can be defended; and whether life should mean life. According to Criminal Justice Alliance (2012), Wales and England register the highest prison population in Western Europe, hence prison overcrowding. Although the prison estate has attempted to address this situation, no major results have been achieved. Prison overcrowding occurs when prisons have to house a bigger number of inmates compared to the number they were designed for (Ashworth 2010). In addition, when there is no investment in prison building programmes, this leads to lack of capacity to accommodate inmates. Furthermore, inefficient bureaucracies in the management of prisons might be the cause of prison overcrowding. In England and Wales, indeterminate sentences have been considered to contribute to prison overcrowding (Ashworth 2010). Judges in Britain sent many people to prison between 1951 and 1980. This contributed to the high level of prison overcrowding experienced in the late 1970’s. However, this declined considerably starting 1981. This was because other alternatives such as fines, punishment, cautions, and community sentences as forms of punishment were adopted (Politics.co.uk 2012). In 1991, the Woolf report predicted that prison population would double from 44, 000 to 83,000 by 2008 (The Howard League of Penal Reform 2013). This led to the adoption of new measures in prisons in order to help prevent prison population from rising rapidly. The main measure adopted was early release. This measure was put into practice for less than one year and this registered a considerable reduction in the prison population. However, when the measures were dropped, the prison population began to surge again. Plans by the government to address this issue have continued to be thwarted. In January 2011, the prison p opulation was 82,991, compared to its holding capacity of 87,936 (Politics.co.uk 2012). The existence

BUS law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

BUS law - Essay Example Once a police officer stops a vehicle for any kind of traffic offence, the basic standards as set out in Terry v Ohio must be followed. The first Terry condition stipulates that a traffic stop begins at the point when the vehicle is stopped and ends when the officer conducting the investigation tells the occupants that they can go. In Arizona v. Johnson, the standard that should be followed to an officer’s pat down of a passenger during a traffic stop is based on whether the officer reasonably suspects that the individual in question is armed and dangerous. The law does not require the officer conducting the investigation during a traffic stop to have a search warrant. His suspicion of the driver and/or passenger being armed and dangerous is enough to warrant a pat down. However, if the officer does not suspect the vehicle occupants of being armed and dangerous, then it would not be lawful to conduct a pat down as doing so would be infringing on the individual’s constit utional rights. Work Cited Supreme Court of United States. Arizona v. Johnson, 129 S. Ct. 781, 2009. Web. 18 July 2011.

Dispersed Team Dynamics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Dispersed Team Dynamics - Assignment Example Conflicts generally occur when there is difference in opinions and interest between individuals. According to a study by Lambregts (2011), there are more chances of conflicts in collective activities in which regular communications and interpersonal relationships are less feasible as in virtual teams (pp.10-11). The conflicts may be of different nature. In a virtual team frame, usually there are many independent groups working on a linear relationship with the management at the headquarters. Therefore there can be conflicts among groups, individuals in the same group or individuals across different groups. Different scholars have varying opinions about the category of conflicts in a virtual team. According to Kankanhalli, Tan and Wei (n.d.), conflicts within a team can either be relationship conflicts or task conflicts. Personal conflicts occur as a result of increasing tensions and frictions between employees due to mutual disagreement on a particular issue or due to egos and emotio nal clashes during the routines. Task conflicts generally arise around the methods and processes associated with the given assignments and the responsibilities to accomplish them. According to Professor Lindred Greer (as cite in Petersen (2014), the physical distances and the cultural differences among the team members can affect the quality of communication, and the responses to disagreements can reflect in the negative productivity of the team. The basic reason for this aspect is the unavailability of individuals for personal interactions at the required times of response to proposals and complaints in the process. Conflicts are capable of self-replication when they are not resolved promptly. Hence it is important for the leaders to create a mechanism to forecast the possibility of issues within the team. A typical analysis of the nature of conflicts can work as a measure to predict the possibility of

Classroom Management Observation Essay Example for Free

Classroom Management Observation Essay Did you view the elementary or secondary video? * Elementary 1. Observation and Description A. Describe the observed classroom routines.The class starts with the children removing materials from their desk to get organized. Having the children remove all materials from their desk to organize them according to size teaches the children to have respect for their property and others. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. Then, the children go over the schedule, so they know, what to expect throughout the school day. After that, the children learn the importance of attending school on a daily basis. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. The students must sign out, print their name on the appropriate line, and circle the place they are going, then put the time, and take a pass. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher. B. Describe the implementation methods of routines in the ob served classroom. The teacher implements the methods of routines as she would any other subject. For example, if the teacher were teaching math, she would describe it, explain it, and then have the children practice it. In the video, the teacher described to the students how they would line up, then she explained why they would line up that way, and then she let the children practice. 2. Analysis, Exploration and Reasoning A. Predict students’ level of engagement with the observed classroom routines.The students level of engagement is high the children are enthusiastic about learning what the teacher expects of them. Later in the school year, I predict that the student will have the same level of engagement as from the first day of school. The children will know what the teacher expect of them, regarding routines and procedures. The routines and procedures will become more of a habit. B. Analyze a possible purpose for the observed classroom routine. The purpose for the children removing all items from their desk and organizing them according to size is so that the children will know where all books and materials are at all times. This will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions, because the children will not have to go back and forth to their book bags and other areas of the classroom to get materials. The materials are in an organized area in the desk. 3. Connections to other teaching practices A. Explain the purpose of the observed classroom routines as they relate to the learning environment.The purpose of having the children take a classroom tour is to familiarize themselves with centers and materials so the children will know exactly where to go when they need certain things, which will cause less classroom disruptions. The observed routines relates to an improved learning environment for the classroomThe purpose for removing materials from their desk to get organized is to teach students to have respect for their pro perty, themselves, and others. Having respect for their property and others improves the learning environment because each student will strive to act in a respectable manner by having respect for themselves and their surroundings, which in turn, will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Having the students sign books in and out of the classroom library teaches students the importance of returning items back to their correct placement, which relates to improving the learning environment because keeping items neat, organized in their correct placement is essential for a learning environment to thrive. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. This teaches the student to never take anything without asking and again to have respect for their property and others, which in turn improves th e learning environment, if everyone ask before taking something of someone else. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. The teacher has the student to quie line up quietly, by size to see and account for all students as the students walk through the hall. This improves the learning environment because the teacher is responsible for the whereabouts of all students so seeing each child is important to have a successful learning environment. The students must remain quiet as they walk through the hall so they will not disturb other students. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. Having the students sign in and out teaches how important it is to let the teacher know their whereabouts. This also teaches responsibility. It is crucial for the teacher to know the whereabouts of all students in their class at all times, having the students sign in and out keeps track of all whereabouts and the time, which improves the learning environment. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. This creates a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves behavior because the students will not want to abuse the trust. Gaining trust improves behaviors, and good behaviors improve the learning environment and give students an abundance of opportunities to learn. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves the learning environment. Students’ transitions many times throughout out the day, from entering school, to going to breakfast, to leaving the lunchroom, to entering class. Transitions between activities can be challenging and stressful for students, but with organization and key expectations, teachers will eliminate a lot of chaos during these transitions. K–8 Situations 1. Beginning of the day: Class is starting A. enter classroom, the children will find seat B. empty book bag, organize desk C. hangs up book bag, sit quietly wait for instructions to begin tasks 2. End of the day: Going home A. get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag B. clean up desk and area around desk C. Sit and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation 3. Transition between activities: Moving to centers A. At the signal (dims the lights) the students to end activity; students begin putting materials away for the current assignment. B. Students clean up and take out materials from next assignment C. when the teacher turns back on the light, students must be in their seat quietly ready to begin next activity. 4. Distribution of materials: Getting crayons off shelf A. makes sure no one is at crayon station B. WALK over to the crayon station, grab a basket, and take a handful of crayons C. return quietly to your desk 5. Field trip: unloading the bus A. get off the bus on the field trip, make sure you are with your partner B. listens to ALL directions C. stay in designated groups 6. Recess: Going to the gym A. Line up quietly for recess B. Walk quietly down the hall to gym or designated area for the day C. Listen for directions for activities for the day 7. Fire or disaster drills: exiting the building in the event of fire A. When the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door B. Listen for the teacher to call your row C. Walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher What teachers do at the beginning of the school year to organize their rooms and establish a management system influences what happens throughout the rest of the year. Routines are the stamina of daily classroom life. The routines above are vital in order for your class to run smoothly. In the beginning of the day, when class is starting it is important for the children to enter class find their seat, empty book bags and organize their desk quietly so that the teacher can take attendance and notate how many children attended the class that day. At the end of the day, when the children are going home, it is important for the students to get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag, clean up desk and area around desk, sit, and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation. This is important so that all students to get home safely on the appropriate way of transportation. When transitioning between activities such as moving to centers, it is appropriate for student to end the current activity quickly to get started with the next. Time management is important throughout the school day since all activities are time-sensitive. When a student needs, materials such as crayons it is appropriate for the students to wait until the teacher call their row before proceeding to the material station. If a student needs crayons individually, then it’s important that the student make sure there is no one else at the station before he or she proceeds to get crayons. By waiting for the teacher to call your row or by making sure no one else is at the crayon station this will ensure the ease of all students getting material because this routine controls traffic flow in the classroom and will decrease classroom disruption. When the children go on a field trip and have to unload the bus it is appropriate for the students to follow all the routines so that the teacher and parent helpers can make sure all students are accounted for and no one is lost. When the children have recess and go to the gym it is appropriate that all students remain quietly and walk in a straight line so hallway traffic is controlled. The children should also remain quiet so they do not disturb other classrooms. Finally, in the event of a fire, it is appropriate that when the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door, listen for the teacher to call your row, walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher. This will ensure the safety of all teachers and students.

Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay Resources Sharing Concepts of Resource Sharing A multi user operating system can support more that one user at a time, this means that multiple users can share the same system resources simultaneously. The users of a multi user operating system can share both hardware and software resources, the operating system carries out complicated routines to manage all the processes that the users are running. List of shared resources: * Hardware CPU Power, RAM, Hard drive, Peripherals (printer, Scanner, CD ROM) Other peripherals may be made available in a MUOS for users who require them (Floppy disk drive, Speakers, Head Phones, Video Cameras etc. ) * Software Scheduler Software (needed to manage and prioritise tasks). Batch Job Some processes take a long time to complete and can often disturb other computer tasks that are important. A Batch Job is a file that does not require any user interaction, so it is set up to run a number of processes at a later time, often late at night. One example is overnight maintenance at a bank when they update all the accounts so it will not disrupt the other processes during the day. Multi-Tasking Concepts of multi-tasking Multi tasking is when the operating system switches between tasks at a very high speed, it can sometimes seem as though it is performing more than one task at a time. For example, a user could be printing and typing at the same time, and listening to a CD. Many users can access the same resources at (what appears to be) the same time. One disadvantage of this is that it requires a great deal of memory and the processes may run slower. The two types of multi-tasking are co-operative and pre-emptive: * Pre-emptive This is when the applications are forced to give up the CPU after a certain length of time so that the other processes get an equal share of CPU time. (time-sliced). * Co-operative multi-tasking is when it is the current running tasks responsibility to share the CPU to the other processes. One task must finish before the other starts. It is called Co-operative because all the tasks must co-operate for this type of processing to work and there is no time limit on each task. (Round Robin). Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage of Pre-emptive multi-tasking is that some important tasks may be allocated a more time slices so it will not be stalled by other smaller tasks. A disadvantage of both types of multi-tasking is that it requires a large amount of memory to work properly. Background Processing Concepts of background / foreground processing When a task will require a long time to process and requires no user input e.g. downloading a large file from the internet, it can be processed later when the computer is not processing other tasks. Background processing is often used in banks and businesses to process the customers accounts at the end of each day, the operating system can be left to run the process overnight or when the CPU is not currently being used by a task that requires a great deal of processing. Unix command to run background processing Control-Z = Leave process running in background bg = Continue process at background Control-C = move foreground process to background Fg = move the process to foreground Example of a background process If you need to run a large print job, e.g. printing out one hundred copies of a Workbook for a group of students, it can be set as a background process and will only use CPU power when other tasks are not running. Types of Multi-User Operating System Multi-Processor More than one CPU Multi user operating systems can sometimes have more that one processor. In some expensive operating systems it is possible to connect more CPUs to the system and have them work together to execute tasks. Multiprocessing can significantly reduce the time taken to execute each process. An operating system with multiple processors can perform different tasks separately or a task can be split up and processed by different CPUs. Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage is that multi processing systems can be very speedy at completing tasks. A disadvantage is that this type of system is very expensive. Time-Sliced As multi user operating systems share resources, different processes can require different amounts of time. It is possible and to interrupt a large process so that a smaller process to be completed. If you were using a time slicing system then the processor will switch between processes at timed intervals (Pre-emptive). The amount of time allocated to each process is called a time slice. The length of time given for each time-slice is allocated by a program called a scheduler. An advantage is that larger or more important processes may be given more time slices than a smaller task so it can be completed, however this could also be a disadvantage if there are many users executing smaller tasks as they will take longer to be finished. Distributed The distributed system is where a number of systems are connected through a Local Area Network. This can be more powerful than a single processor system and it is capable of online sharing. Hardware Components Processor The CPU is the brain of the operating system. It responds to and processes and instructions that control the computer. The control unit in a CPU controls everything which happens within, the ALU does calculations and is responsible for decision making and the accumulator stores the last data that was decoded for future processes. There are various registers within the CPU, they are the instruction register, which holds the instruction that is being decoded, the program counter stores what part of the program we have reached, the memory address register points to the location where data is being fetched or written and the memory data register is a storage area for data that is currently being transferred between the memory and the CPU. The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle has three important stages. * FETCH The CPU collects an instruction from the RAM * DECODE The control unit figures out what to do with it. * EXECUTE The instruction is carried out The speed of an FDE cycle depends on how fast the processor is (the length of time it takes for the signals to be sent to the control bus, and how many T-cycles each assembly instruction takes to execute. Memory Random Access Memory is sometimes known as main memory. RAM is volatile, which means it loses all the stored information when the power is cut off. Some computers also use virtual memory, which is stored in the hard drive but acts like RAM, this is much slower than physical memory. Another type of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM) which can be written to but cannot be erased. Data Storage Devices Floppy disk can be written to and erased, 1.44Mb CD ROM Can be written to but not erased, 700Mb Hard Drive stores many Gigabytes, can be written to and erased Zip Drive can be written to and erased, 100 250Mb Terminals Dumb Terminal A dumb terminal has no processing capabilities as they have no memory or processor of their own, it has only a monitor, keyboard and mouse. They are connected to a central processor. Intelligent Terminal An intelligent terminal contains memory and a CPU and is a standalone device. It only has to connect to the central processor when needed. Command to find terminal type terminfo Input / Output Devices Dumb Terminal Input keyboard and mouse. Output monitor Intelligent Terminal Input keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen. Output monitor, printer, speakers Software Components Kernel The Kernel is the heart of the operating system, the lowest level or the central part. Communication with the hardware is through the kernel. In multi user operating systems it is the kernels job to keep each process and user separate and to organize access to the system hardware, including CPU, memory, disk and other I/O devices. Device Handlers A device is any piece if hardware that is used in an operating system. A device handler is a piece of software within the operating system that communicates with the devices and tells them what to do. This is part of the operating system that is responsible for servicing requests of the device request queue. Spoolers (Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line) Spooling is used when data is waiting to go to an output device after it has been processed. The data is placed into a queue so that the CPU can process something else instead of having to slow down to the speed of the output device. Spoolers are used on mainly old devices e.g. old printers that can only handle one job at a time User Interface This is how the user can view the data within the operating system. The main types of user interfaces are; the graphical user interface e.g. Windows and Command driven interface e.g. MS DOS and standard UNIX. The CDI was more complicated to use than a GUI as you would have to know certain commands to do very basic tasks. Bibliography Index http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/operating-system1.htm http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://www.canberra.edu.au/~sam/whp/unix-cmd.html http://cm.bell-labs.com/

The mesh generation

The mesh generation Describe general methods (structured, unstructured, hybrid, adaptive, etc.) and discuss their key features and applications A key step of the finite element method for numerical computation is mesh generation. One is given a domain (such as a polygon or polyhedron; more realistic versions of the problem allow curved domain boundaries) and must partition it into simple â€Å"elements† meeting in well-defined ways. There should be few elements, but some portions of the domain may need small elements so that the computation is more accurate there. All elements should be â€Å"well shaped† (which means different things in different situations, but generally involves bounds on the angles or aspect ratio of the elements). One distinguishes â€Å"structured† and â€Å"unstructured† meshes by the way the elements meet; a structured mesh is one in which the elements have the topology of a regular grid. Structured meshes are typically easier to compute with (saving a constant factor in runtime) but may require more elements or worse-shaped elements. Unstructured meshes are often computed using quadtrees, or by Delaunay triangulation of point sets; however there are quite varied approaches for selecting the points to be triangulated The simplest algorithms directly compute nodal placement from some given function. These algorithms are referred to as algebraic algorithms. Many of the algorithms for the generation of structured meshes are descendents of â€Å"numerical grid generation† algorithms, in which a differential equation is solved to determine the nodal placement of the grid. In many cases, the system solved is an elliptic system, so these methods are often referred to as elliptic methods. It is difficult make general statements about unstructured mesh generation algorithms because the most prominent methods are very different in nature. The most popular family of algorithms is those based upon Delaunay triangulation, but other methods, such as quadtree/octree approaches are also used. Delaunay Methods Many of the commonly used unstructured mesh generation techniques are based upon the properties of the Delaunay triangulation and its dual, the Voronoi diagram. Given a set of points in a plane, a Delaunay triangulation of these points is the set of triangles such that no point is inside the circumcircle of a triangle. The triangulation is unique if no three points are on the same line and no four points are on the same circle. A similar definition holds for higher dimensions, with tetrahedral replacing triangles in 3D. Quadtree/Octree Methods Mesh adaptation, often referred to as Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR), refers to the modification of an existing mesh so as to accurately capture flow features. Generally, the goal of these modifications is to improve resolution of flow features without excessive increase in computational effort. We shall discuss in brief on some of the concepts important in mesh adaptation. Mesh adaptation strategies can usually be classified as one of three general types: r-refinement, h-refinement, or p-refinement. Combinations of these are also possible, for example hp-refinement and hr-refinement. We summarise these types of refinement below. r-refinement is the modification of mesh resolution without changing the number of nodes or cells present in a mesh or the connectivity of a mesh. The increase in resolution is made by moving the grid points into regions of activity, which results in a greater clustering of points in those regions. The movement of the nodes can be controlled in various ways. On common technique is to treat the mesh as if it is an elastic solid and solve a system equations (suject to some forcing) that deforms the original mesh. Care must be taken, however, that no problems due to excessive grid skewness arise. h-refinement is the modification of mesh resolution by changing the mesh connectivity. Depending upon the technique used, this may not result in a change in the overall number of grid cells or grid points. The simplest strategy for this type of refinement subdivides cells, while more complex procedures may insert or remove nodes (or cells) to change the overall mesh topology. In the subdivision case, every â€Å"parent cell† is divided into â€Å"child cells†. The choice of which cells are to be divided is addressed below. For every parent cell, a new point is added on each face. For 2-D quadrilaterals, a new point is added at the cell centroid also. On joining these points, we get 4 new â€Å"child cells†. Thus, every quad parent gives rise to four new offsprings. The advantage of such a procedure is that the overall mesh topology remains the same (with the child cells taking the place of the parent cell in the connectivity arrangement). The subdivision process is similar for a triangular parent cell, as shown below. It is easy to see that the subdivision process increases both the number of points and the number of cells A very popular tool in Finite Element Modelling (FEM) rather than in Finite Volume Modelling (FVM), it achieves increased resolution by increasing the order of accuracy of the polynomial in each element (or cell). In AMR, the selction of â€Å"parent cells† to be divided is made on the basis of regions where there is appreciable flow activity. It is well known that in compressible flows, the major features would include Shocks, Boundary Layers and Shear Layers, Vortex flows, Mach Stem , Expansion fans and the like. It can also be seen that each feature has some â€Å"physical signature† that can be numerically exploited. For eg. shocks always involve a density/pressure jump and can be detected by their gradients, whereas boundary layers are always associated with rotationality and hence can be dtected using curl of velocity. In compressible flows, the velocity divergence, which is a measure of compressiblity is also a good choice for shocks and expansions. These sensing paramters which can indicate regions of flow where there are activity are referred to as ERROR INDICATORS and are very popular in AMR for CFD. Just as refinement is possible by ERROR INDICATORS as mentioned above, certain other issues also assume relevance. Error Indicators do detect regions for refinement, they do not actually tell if the resolution is good enough at any given time. In fact the issue is very severe for shocks, the smaller the cell, the higher the gradient and the indicator would keep on picking the region, unless a threshold value is provided. Further, many users make use of conservative values while refining a domain and generally end up in refining more than the essential portion of the grid, though not the complete domain. These refined regions are unneccesary and are in strictest sense, contribute to unneccesary computational effort. It is at this juncture, that reliable and resonable measure of cell error become necessary to do the process of â€Å"coarsening†, which would reduce the above-said unnecessary refinement, with a view towards generatin an â€Å"optimal mesh†. The measures are given by sensors referred to as ERROR ESTIMATORS, literature on which is in abandunce in FEM, though these are very rare in FVM. Control of the refinement and/or coarsening via the error indicators is often undertaken by using either the solution gradient or soultion curvature. Hence the refinement variable coupled with the refinement method and its limits all need to be considered when applying mesh adaptation A hybrid model contains two or more subsurface layers of hexahedral elements. Tetrahedral elements fill the interior. The transition between subsurface hexahedral and interior tetrahedral elements is made using degenerate hexahedral (pyramid) elements. High quality stress results demand high quality elements, i.e., aspect ratios and internal angles as close to 1:1 and 90 °, respectively, as possible. High quality elements are particularly important at the surface. To accommodate features within a component, the quality of elements at the surface of a hexahedral model generally suffers, e.g., they are skewed. Mating components, when node-to-node contact is desired, can also adversely affect the models element quality. Even more difficult is producing a tetrahedral model that contains high quality subsurface elements. In a hybrid model, the hexahedral elements are only affected by the surface mesh, so creating high quality elements is easy. Minimal effort is required to convert CAD data into surface grids using the automated processes of pro-surf. These surface grids are read by pro-am. The surface grid is used to extrude the subsurface hexahedral elements. The thickness of each extruded element is controlled so that high quality elements are generated. The interior is filled automatically with tetrahedral elements. The pyramid elements that make the transition are also generated automatically. A hybrid model will generally contain many more elements than an all-hexahedral model thus increasing analysis run-time. However, the time saved in the model construction phase the more labor intensive phase more than makes up for the increased run-time. Overall project time is reduced considerably. Also, as computing power increases, this â€Å"disadvantage† will eventually disappear. Hexahedral Meshing ANSYS Meshing provides multiple methods to generate a pure hex or hex dominant mesh. Depending on the model complexity, desired mesh quality and type, and how much time a user is able to spend meshing, a user has a scalable solution to generate a quick automatic hex or hex dominant mesh, or a highly controlled hex mesh for optimal solution efficiency and accuracy. Mesh Methods: Automated Sweep meshing Sweepable bodies are automatically detected and meshed with hex mesh when possible Edge increment assignment and side matching/mapping is done automatically Sweep paths found automatically for all regions/bodies in a multibody part Defined inflation is swept through connected swept bodies User can add sizing controls, mapped controls , and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated sweeping Adding/Modifying geometry slices/decomposition to the model also greatly aids in the automation of getting a pure hex mesh. Thin Solid Sweep meshing This mesh method quickly generates a hex mesh for thin solid parts that have multiple faces as source and target. Can be used in conjunction with other mesh methods User can add sizing controls, mapped controls, and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated sweeping MultiZone Sweep meshing This advanced sweeping approach uses automated topology decomposition behind the scenes to attempt to automatically create a pure hex or mostly hex mesh on complicated geometries Decomposed topology is meshed with a mapped mesh or a swept mesh if possible. A user has the option to allow for free mesh in sub-topologies that cant be mapped or swept. Supports multiple source/target selection Defined inflation is swept through connected swept bodies User can add sizing controls, mapped controls and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated meshing Hex-dominant meshing This mesh method uses an unstructured meshing approach to generate a quad dominant surface mesh and then fill it with a hex dominant mesh This approach generally gives nice hex elements on the boundary of a chunky part with a hybrid hex, prism, pyramid, test mesh internally Tetrahedral Meshing The combination of robust and automated surface, inflation and tet meshing using default physics controls to ensure a high-quality mesh suitable for the defined simulation allows for push-button meshing. Local control for sizing, matching, mapping, virtual topology, pinch and other controls provide additional flexibility, if needed. Mesh Methods: Patch conforming mesh method: Bottom-up approach (creates surface mesh, then volume mesh) Multiple triangular surface meshing algorithms are employed behind the scenes to ensure a high quality surface mesh is generated, the first time From that inflation layers can be grown using several techniques The remaining volume is meshed with a Delaunay-Advancing Front approach which combines the speed of a Delaunay approach with the smooth-transitioned mesh of an advancing front approach Throughout this meshing process are advanced size functions that maintain control over the refinement, smoothness and quality of the mesh Patch independent mesh method: Top-down approach (creates volume mesh and extracts surface mesh from boundaries) Many common problems with meshing occur from bad geometry, if the bad geometry is used as the basis to create the surface mesh, the mesh will often be bad (bad quality, connectivity, etc.) The patch independent method uses the geometry only to associate the boundary faces of the mesh to the regions of interest thereby ignoring gaps, overlaps and other issues that give other meshing tools countless problems. Inflation is done as a post step into the volume mesh. Since the volume mesh already exists, collisions and other common problems for inflation are known ahead of time. Note: For volume meshing, a tetrahedral mesh generally provides a more automatic solution with the ability to add mesh controls to improve the accuracy in critical regions. On the contrary, a hexahedral mesh generally provides a more accurate solution, but is more difficult to generate. Shell and Beam Meshing For 2-D planar (axisymmetric), shell and beam models, ANSYS Meshing provides efficient tools for quickly generating a high quality mesh to accurately simplify the physics. Mesh Methods for shell models: Default surface meshing Multiple surface meshing engines are used behind the scenes to provide a robust, automated surface mesh consisting of all quad, quad dominant or all tri surface mesh. User can add sizing controls, and mapped controls to modify and take control over the automated meshing Uniform surface meshing Orthogonal, uniform meshing algorithm that attempts to force an all quad or quad dominant surface mesh that ignores small features to provide optimum control over the edge length Describe key features of ALL existing meshing options in Ansys Mesh module and discuss their applications The meshing tools in ANSYS Workbench were designed to follow some guiding principles: Parametric: Parameters drive system Persistent: Model updates passed through system Highly-automated: Baseline simulation w/limited input Flexible: Able to add additional control w/out complicating the workflow Physics aware: Key off physics to automate modelling and simulation throughout system Adaptive architecture: Open system that can be tied to a customers process CAD neutral, meshing neutral, solver neutral, etc. By integrating best in class meshing technology into a simulation driven workflow, ANSYS Meshing provides a next generation meshing solution.

Babbit Essay -- Essays Papers

Babbit The depressing tragedy known as Babbitt, by Lewis Sinclair, accurately portrays the convention of life in the 1920’s. Sinclair precisely evokes the conformity and orthodox life styles that shaped a growing culture. Man, in the 1920’s, is caught in a lifestyle where he is continually fed on what to think. Lewis cunningly explains the constraints of convention that plagued George Babbitt, and mocks society as a whole for its lack of liberal views. Babbitt throughout the novel seems to be trapped in a maze, and is told by â€Å"the machine† when to turn. Only when Babbitt revolts against conservative America does his life change, but the question is was it for the better? The economy is booming with success, and your wealth portrays ones position in society. George Babbitt is infatuated with having the latest â€Å"gadgets† and technology in his home, as is the rest of Middle-class America. Lewis portrays society as a group of self-centered people who must have the best of everything (sounds similar to our world today). Middle-class America is disturbingly the same to the last detail in the 1920’s. Life begins for Babbitt waking up to an unappreciative family, and a typical fake show of affection from his wife. Babbitt realizes his life is dull and mundane. Even the kiss from his wife is typical. Babbitt, like most men in the 1920’s, finds his home not as a haven but as a depressing reality of what his life has really become. Babbitt recognizes he is disgusted with his life, and that he doesn’t even love his wife. Only when Babbitt escapes his home does he find satisfaction. Babbitt is found in his community as a role mode l of every businessmen, even the mechanic at the gas station commends him for organization. Babbitt temporarily feels relief when freedom encompasses his life, but later in the novel Babbitt illustrates that even â€Å"business† is shaped by society. Just as business is shaped in Zenith, so are the women who live there. Women in the novel are accurately portrayed as they were in the 1920’s. Lewis presents two different scenarios in the novel, but both of these cases can follow the same mannerisms. First, Lewis depicts the loving housewife. Myra, Babbitt’s wife, continually comforts Babbitt throughout the whole novel. Myra even accepts the blame when Babbitt decides to cheat on her. Women are depicted throughout the novel as inferior when... ...e hand of social order is telling them this is â€Å"ok.† That is why liberal views in Zenith are so quickly extinguished. The superior class wants people to think that there always must be a lower class because that is the way God has planned it, which in retrospect sustains their rank as the higher class forever. It’s ironic that this idea is still relevant today. In conclusion, Babbitt’s revolt toward society had actually changed nothing. He went back to not loving his wife and continuing his job as a realtor. His popularity recovers from his era of revolt. Babbitt regains his place in the world by allowing society to influence his life. He stops fighting and this is the simple reason why his life is a tragedy. How does Babbitt analyze the successfulness of his life? He never took complete control and experienced freedom in any of his actions. He only valued the acceptance of others, rather than what was true to his heart. Babbitt life had no meaning, since he constantly let the constraints of society shape it. One must wonder if society in the 1920’s could have changed by reading this novel. This is not probable, considering that society is the same today as it was 80 years ago.

The Trials and Tribulations Faced In One’s Youth :: Personal Narratives Peer Pressure Essays

The Trials and Tribulations Faced In One’s Youth My life has been filled throughout with influences both good and bad. My high school, although plain and simple from the outside, was anything but on the inside. My high school was known for its academic excellence and its more flush attendance area. But, few not and even some who were associated with my school knew of the problem within. A problem that would even be ignored even when it came right to the forefront of the local news. I never knew that drugs could become such a large part of my life, even without doing them. I never expected to ever find myself in trouble in a drug related incident. But, throughout my time in high school I just did what every other person did and ignored it. But I escaped the problem, others weren’t as lucky. My whole life I could not wait to get to high school. I guess it was always conveyed to me to be the best years of my life. So you can imagine how ecstatic I was to finally began attending Sabino High School in Tucson, Arizona. Home to around fifteen hundred or so students. A school set in a nice community, that was always supportive. It always had much parent backing, and the test scores from the school were some of the best in the state, competing with those scores of private schools. There was a problem though, one that would be ignored throughout my class’ tenure there. As a senior I found myself trapped in a school filled with narcotic sales and use. I even found some of my closest friends involved, and none of them were left with a care in the world. My best friend Zane kept his problem from me. It was not until later that he would admit to participating in any sort of drug activity. He would later tell me that throughout our junior year he used cocaine regularly. I knew nothing of this, and as his best friend worried about him when I did find out. I remember being so mad when he told me about his use of cocaine for that year because people would always tell me that they heard that he was doing it, and I always stuck for him and said that it was a lie.

Essay on Freedom in Color Purple and Their Eyes Were Watching God

The Spirit of Freedom in The Color Purple and Their Eyes Were Watching God Freedom takes many different forms. There is personal freedom, societal freedom, mental freedom, and physical freedom. Freedom is not tangible, but may be achieved through many experiences. Different aspects of freedom are apparent in both The Color Purple and Their Eyes Were Watching God. In The Color Purple, by Alice Walker, the freedom moves from the outside into Celie and then out again. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, the freedom stems from within Janie but is prompted by certain outside forces. Both women experience freedom, and the freedom grows from within and is radiated outward. In The Color Purple Celie evolves from being oppressed by Mr.____ and society to being free in every possible sense. The spark of freedom starts from within her and radiates outward with each new catalyst. Shug is Celie's first source of freedom. She teaches Celie to be free in her thoughts and to respect what she thinks and feels. Shug makes Celie realize that it's okay to think what she thinks and to feel what she feels. "Why Miss Celie, she say, you still a virgin" (Walker p.81). Sofia is Celie's second source of freedom. While Sofia herself does not tell Celie anything, she relates free feelings and ideas to Celie. For a time, Sofia was, in every way, unfree. And Celie knew that Sofia did not want to be that way. Celie learned that she could never give up hope, and that made her actions free. Although Mr._____ oppressed and hindered Celie, he was finally a source of freedom. When he gave Celie the telegram that said Nettie was dead, and all her letters t... ...her life. When he was gone she had nothing else to look after in life except herself. She was like a little seed, able to blow in the wind and go wherever she chose to go. Janie's mind, spirit, and body were free. "She pulled in her horizon like a great fish-net... [and] she called in her soul to come and see" (Hurston p. ?). Freedom is a central theme in these two novels. Freedom is a subjective concept and each person must ultimately find his or her own freedom in order to be truly free. The character's freedom often stems from other characters or events but is always a result of inner strength and will-power. The supporting characters or events act only to bring out the inner freedom and to empower that freedom. As Epictetus once said, "He is free who lives as he chooses." And both these characters were finally able to live as they chose.

Brihadeeswara Temple Essay

Location: The Brihadeeswara is located in Tanjavur district in Tamilnadu, India. The temple was built on the banks of River Cauvery with its water turned to the moat. The temple, constructed entirely of granite, stands amidst fortified walls. There was no rock formation around this area. It is believed that the rocks would have been brought from a place at least 50kms away. History: The temple had its foundations laid out by the Tamil emperor Arulmozhivarman, popularly called Rajaraja Chola I, in 1002 CE, as the first of the great Tamil Chola building projects. It was built to grace the throne of the Chola Empire in compliance of a command given to him in his dream. The scale and grandeur is in the Chola tradition. An axial and symmetrical geometry rules the temple layout. Temples from this period and the following two centuries are an expression of the Chola wealth, power and artistic expertise. The emergence of such features as the multifaceted columns with projecting square capitals signals the arrival of the new Chola style. The Brihadeeswara Temple was built to be the royal temple to display the emperor’s vision of his power and his relationship to the universal order. The temple was the site of the major royal ceremonies such as anointing the emperor and linking him with its deity, Shiva, and the daily rituals of the deities were mirrored by those of the king. It is an architectural exemplar showcasing the pure form of the Dravida type of temple architecture and representative of the Chola Empire ideology and the Tamil civilization in Southern India. The temple â€Å"testifies to the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting. † Construction: The wish to build a mammoth temple like this is said to have occurred to Rajaraja while he stayed at Sri Lanka as an emperor. This temple is the first building fully built by granite and finished within 5 years [1004AD – 1009AD]. The solid base of the temple raises about 5 metres (16 feet), above which stone deities and representatives of Shiva dance. The huge kalasam or Vimanam (top portion of the shrine) is believed to weigh 81. 28 tonnes and was raised to its present height by dragging on an inclined plane of 6. 44 km. The big Nandi (bull), weighing about 20 tonnes is made of a single stone and is about 2 m in height, 6 m in length and 2. m in width. The presiding deity of lingam is 3. 7m tall. The prakaram (outer precincts of the temple) measures 240m by 125m. The outer wall of the upper storey is carved with 81 dance karanas – postures of Bharathanatyam, the classical dance of Tamils. The shrine of Goddess is added by Pandyas during the 13th century; Subramanya Shrine was renovated by Vijayanagara rulers and the Vinayaka shrine was renovated by Maratha rulers. Architecture: The gopuram of the main entrance is 30 m high, so smaller than the vimana. It is unusual in the Dravidian architecture where the gopurams are generally the main towers and taller than the vimana. A first rectangular surrounding wall, 270 m by 140 m, marks the outer boundary. The main temple is in the center of the spacious quadrangle composed of a sanctuary, a Nandi made of a single stone, a pillared hall and an assembly hall (mandapas), and many sub-shrines. The most important part of the temple is the inner mandapa which is surrounded by massive walls that are divided into levels by sharply cut sculptures and pilasters providing deep bays and recesses. Each side of the sanctuary has a bay emphasizing the principle cult icons. The karuvarai, a Tamil word meaning the interior of the sanctum sanctorum, is the inner most sanctum and focus of the temple where an image of the primary deity, Shiva, resides. Inside is a huge stone lingam. The word Karuvarai means â€Å"womb chamber† from Tamil word karu for foetus. Only priests are allowed to enter this inner-most chamber. In the Dravida style, the Karuvarai takes the form of a miniature vimana with other features exclusive to southern Indian temple architecture such as the inner wall together with the outer wall creating a pradakshina around the garbhagriha for circumambulation (pradakshina). The entrance is highly decorated. The inside chamber housing the image of the god is the sanctum sanctorum, the garbhagriha. The garbhagriha is square and sits on a plinth, its location calculated to be a point of total equilibrium and harmony as it is representative of a microcosm of the universe. In the center is placed the image of the deity. The royal bathing-hall where Rajaraja the great gave gifts is to the east of the hall of Irumudi-Soran. The circumambulation winds around the massive lingam in the garbhagriha and is repeated in an upper story, presenting the idea that Chola Empire freely offered access to the gods. The inner mandapa leads out to a rectangular mandapa and then to a twenty-columned porch with three staircases leading down. Sharing the same stone plinth is a small open mandapa dedicated to Nandi, Shiva’s sacred bull mount. Surrounding the main temple are two walled enclosures. The outer wall is high, defining the temple complex area. Here is the massive gopuram or gateway mentioned above. Within this a portico, a barrel vaulted gorpuram with over 400 pillars, is enclosed by a high wall interspersed with huge gopurams axially lined up to the main temple. Legends: After the death of the patron, Rajaraja Chola I, his son Rajendra I who was a great military leader succeeded him in 1014. During his reign, he extended the territory of already vast Chola Empire up to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean. He shifted the capital of the Chola kingdom to Gangaikondacholapuram, about 60km away, and started building a new temple there, as he wanted to build a bigger version of â€Å"The Big Temple†. Rajaraja Chola I donated a big amount of money for the maintenance of the Brihadeeswara. But, Rajendra I had diverted all the money for the construction of his new temple. His decision deprived the Big Temple of royal patronage. However, Rajendra was able to build only a smaller version of the Big Temple, eventually. Furthermore, the Cholas built hundreds of temples along the banks of the River Cauvery, changing its landscape forever. None of the forts and palaces built by the Cholas survives today. But the temples remain and they stand testimony to their achievements. They are also a major tourist attraction for both local and foreign visitors. Myths: The 60-metre tall Vimana is the tallest in South India. A European-like figure which is carved on the Vimana is believed to be an ancient warning of the arrival of the Europeans. Later investigations by archaeologists proposed that this claim may be a hoax. Features: Another widely held belief is that the shadow of the gopuram (pyramidal tower usually over the gateway of a temple) never falls on the ground. . The temple is said to be made up of about 130,000 tons of granite. The Kumbam itself, a 60 ton granite stone carved in one piece, on top of the main gopuram is believed to have been taken to the top by creating an inclined slope to the height of 66m to the top of the gopuram. The prevailing belief is that a mud-slope, which starts at about three miles from the temple site, from Thirukoilore (birthplace of Raja raja’s mother) near Sri Virateshvara swamy temple. Elephants might have been used to drag the stone up the slope. This was claimed to be the only part of the gopuram, which does not cast a shadow that fall on the ground, at least not within the temple premises. Millennium celebrations: Built in the year 1010ce by Rajaraja Chola in Thanjavur, Brihadeeswara Temple popularly known as the ‘Big Temple’ turned 1000 years old in September 2010. To celebrate the 1000th year of the grand structure, the state government and the town held many cultural events. It was to recall the 275th day of his 25th regal year (1010 CE) when Rajaraja Chola (985–1014 CE) handed over a gold-plated kalasam (copper pot or finial) for the final consecration to crown the vimana, the 59. 82-metre tall tower above the sanctum. Latest News: During the consecration (Kumbhabhishekham) of 1997, 48 people were killed in a fire accident and 86 others injured. The incident occurred hours before the Mahakumbabishekam ceremony. It is believed a fire cracker lit near the temple fell on the yagasala; a temporary structure built to accommodate the ritual ceremonies, and sparked the fire that spread to the thatched roofs. A stampede resulted when the panic-stricken devotees rushed the only entrance to the temple on the eastern side. However, another version claimed the fire was caused by a spark from the electric generator. Most of the deaths were reported be caused by the inhalation of carbon monoxide and a few due to burn injuries. The Tamil Nadu Government announced a compensation of Rs 100,000 to the families of the deceased and the injured were paid from Rs 10,000 to Rs 50,000 each. Government of India, Mumbai Mint issued Rs. 1000/- coin to commemorate the 1000th year of the temple. And at last the Brihadeeswara is an unbelievable, extraordinary master piece of architecture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦actually designed not by Rajaraja, but by Somavarma the temple architect†¦

Dracula Queer Theory

The earth of alien and intolerable behavior generates aid into communitys mentality of the expect conduct. But does the queer lurk chthonic the bed? Or is it a articulation of all of us? The classic schoolbook genus genus genus Dracula, written by Bram stoker, is worthy in viewing the course of fiat in its exploration of tabooed acts and mentalities, supported by the laughable possibleness prevalent in the mid 1900s.Although the queer theory describes the reservoirs subconscious drive for gay and feministic verbalizeion, Stokers stand point, however, is to high spot corporations vulnerability caused by their oppression of individuality and lack of conformity. by this text we have been able to understand the flaws in a conformist federation where individuality and the different are oppressed. apiece community has their give particular morality and ethics, and when the actions of the different penetrates and influences these expectations, those in power turn up to force in order to relate the original values that were compromised.Stokers warning of the supernatural feared the people of his century, anyone who appeared or acted differently to what was expected, as represented by means of the characters in Dracula. It has been rumored that Dracula extends the element of the Queer Theory to a whole limpid level. Through analysis of Draculas behaviors, it is questioned whether or not Dracula and so was queer himself. Besides the supernatural and mediaeval abilities that he encompassed, Dracula showed evidence of homo finish upuality. When the moot saw my face, his eyes blazed in nigh sort of demonic fury (Page 33), is sheer of the go for for blood, which according to the Queer Theory symbolizes his confused sexual desire for men. Dracula thus represents the disturbance in masculinity, as he enters his femininity a except demonstration of the 1900s Queer Theory. thusly it can be argued that Dracula is set by the social outcasts of mod ern society as it gives hope to those who choose the express their individuality.Unusual behaviors are often intolerably indicated within a society that has fastidious expectations and values. Stokers upbringing go around around women who were independent in their own ways, however societies expectations disallowed this aspect of humanity as men where thought to be the manlike and dominant figure. The queer theory suggests that Bram Stoker concealed his mismatch of gender roles, sex and desires (Judith Butler, 1994) due to the clashes of his personal upbringing with societys expectations.Women being the submissive and shadowy figures reflected through the words of Stoker as he portrayed this bewilderedness through Dracula who himself becomes weak at any understanding of unassertive or dominant sex. Draculas confusion is evident as he seduces the devoted Lucy where he demonstrates the haughty paternal figure yet. However, when he portrays his desire and possession of Jonathan, claiming he belongs to him (Page 46), he symbolizes the womanly teenage girl who has a spell with the opposite sex.

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Marijuana is actually a safer alternative.Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013).With such conflicting different opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per same year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred particular drug for Americans.Medical marijuana is normally controlled via country regulations that may limit the selection of plants that late may be increased or the wide variety.Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a comparative study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition.

Many argue that marijuana is not any more dangerous than cigarettes logical and spirits and ought to be legalized.). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the effective implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930s (Bonnie & Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7.So why Marijuana old has to be penalized.2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized tobacco logical and alcohol.

In the shape of pills, marijuana is prescribed to alleviate the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy., para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require acid substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM.Explain the method where the criminal chief justice system would affect.There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric from where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway new drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes logical and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a los ing first battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized.

Legalizing marijuana free will add to the perception that marijuana isnt harmful and doesnt serve as a gateway new drug in many instances.According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body divine must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. smoke Marijuana is sex-inhibiting.Marijuana was banned for a long time in contrast.Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term medical marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) early may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test try this theory a group of r esearchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats.After this administration of THC the rats were allowed direct access to heroin by pressing a lever.

When stopped and frisked, marijuana is for.Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring major component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007).This approved drug, like marijuana, late helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legalizing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a small safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol what does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana.Medicinal Marijuana is the ideal choice for treating PTSD.Marijuana is prohibited and it puts private individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those many individuals would never have to be exposed to tho se situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, such like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there good will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate certain aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain.Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms.

The government would find a good deal of cash.7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in based its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like good tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While common law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of several dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars.The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor medical marijuana should be legalized.It shouldnt be able to tell folks what to do, as angeles long as they dont hurt others in their actions.This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance.Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the lower end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It how was America General Douglas MacArthu r and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis.

Decriminalization laws change from state to state.This ideal wishful thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese local police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009).Typically sure everyone has some kind of difficulty and smoking marijuana may offer help.The people would also great need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target one many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan what has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create new legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. Refe rences American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013).

It is harmful to your health.). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www.Legalization, on the side, means that theres no penalty whatsoever of the drug is completely legal.d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, letter from http://dbp. idebate.

Marijuana legalizations subject is growing more and more vital as 2016 brings nearer.d). The Forbidden Fruit logical and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer local Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www.There are tons of reasons why It ought to be lawful.† Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.

Its better to have a good look at the signs.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013.Lung cancer may be avoided by making use of a vaporizer.se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda.

There arent any health benefits related to marijuana usage.Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a public Good Idea.Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physicians Perspective. † 2007.Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011).

Japanese Propaganda

Yes, I bear that the trounce fuss capital of capital of Singaporeans approach during the Nipponese business enterprise was supporting in invariant r evere of the Nipponese alternatively than Nipponese propaganda. The Nipponese had claimed that they were liberating sou-east Asia from colonialism, further in public they were removed harsher rulers than the British ever were. In supplement to noncombatant casualties, more barbarian acts were connected by Nipponese troops, particularly by the Kempeitai. The Kempetai were the Nipponese police. Commoners were do to condescend to them as they passes, if non, they would be punish by kicking, hitting, and numerous more.The Nipponese, to purify the commoners and non give up unloyals going against them, introduced a system c all in alled Sook Ching. in that respect were mysterious informers all everywhere the island. When asked by the Nipponese to train and accused, they would plain spot to any(prenomin al)one. These citizenry were go up and interpreted to a woebegone nates to be cerebrovascular accident and killed. The local anesthetic residential district lived in precaution at that magazine because they did non endure who worked for the Nipponese and who did non. This caused misgiving of the the great unwashed. spate no thirster knew who to trust, as the arcanum informers were strong give and they had a senior high befall of not macrocosmness move up for shooting.This was dirty to Singaporeans as state were being killed for wee matters standardized not bandy polish to the Nipponese when they pass. This and so caused many tribe to pull away their closed ones. Japanese propaganda during man contend 2 was tell aparting to sanction the legal opinion political relation of Japan. Singapore was past renamed to Syonan-to. Propaganda Campaigns were carried unwrap to bewitch people to covenant their obe emitnce to Japan. Students in Singapore to a fault had to go steady Japanese in aim. Children were marched to take aim where fractional their conviction was worn-out(a) on indoctrination on faithfulness to the emperor, and frugality, obedience, honesty, and diligence.Teachers were instructed to take Japanese information ground on the over-embellished personal manner. Students were aban maked more physiologic preparation and need to perpetrate community service. Those who remaining school day aft(prenominal) end half-dozen eld were demand to stick out a line iniquity school for Japanese taradiddle and ethics, army reproduction for boys, and planetary house economic science for girls. piano tuner place were controlled by the Japanese so that nevertheless local broadcasts were allowed. Singaporeans did not give up any independence and everything had to be done harmonise to the Japaneses ways.I olfactory perception that the defeat task Singaporeans confront during the Japanese phone line was life in continuous aid of the Japanese alternatively than Japanese propaganda. passel were killed for broken reasons, equivalent not bandy-legged downcast to the Japanese. They did not dare to go out, and didnt know who to trust, worrying that they would get killed. alone Singaporeans didnt attain to die during the propaganda, redden though they had to trace the Japaneses ways and suffer. Therefore, I call that the welt paradox that the Singaporeans set about during the Japanese blood line was sustentation in the fear of the Japanese.

Knowledge and Attitude About Testicular Examination

genus Ara S TIRM A / headmaster ARTICL E Gulhane T? p Derg 2011 53 17-25 Gulhane Askeri T? p Akademisi 2011 investigation of the congenator frequence of turn outicular ego-impor burnce exam surgical procedure in green expec false topazt staminates Er buttocks Gocgeldi (*), Necmettin Kocak (**), Serdar Ulus (**), Cenk Yeginer (**), Seref main(a) (***) comp abolish quizicular neoplasms ar the instant intimately a great deal discovered viciousity offspringr on leukemia in the epoch root word of 20-35 in men. The gait of a 5- division raft is 99. 9% with archaean diagnosing. knowingness of the individuals and do a testicular egotism psychometric test by themselves ar essential in the be clocks diagnosing.Our obtain in this treat- fragmental mull over was to hold back the exertion absolute oftenness of testicular egotism query and the factors bear on this among raw s soundlyeds. Of all the p blindicipants, 23. 3%, 6. 8% and 4. 7% say t hat they had comprehend or so testicular crabmeat and n forward yield(predicate) testicular ego-importance interrogation, and that they had fulfiled testicular ego mental testing at least(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) erst spell in their spirit, respectively. The night club of auditory modality al close and seting testicular ego scrutiny were plunge pocket-sized in the vex composition, and these range were high among those who had comprehend of testicular crab louse from population.Well afore popular opinion(ip) campaigns and educational organizations may be conducted in the country-wide in prescribe to increment the sense round testicular malignant neop sufferic disease and the absolute relative frequence of testicular ego-importance scrutiny. key out words Soldier, testicular genus Cancer, testicular ego- testing, modern big globe OZET Genc e assayin erkeklerde kendi kendine junkie muayenesi kettle of fishma s? kl? g? n? n arast? r? lmas? bollock neoplasmleri 20-35 yas grubu erkeklerde losemiden sonra en s? k rastlanan 2. malignitedir. Erken tan? ile 5 y? ll? k yasam oran? %99. 9dur. Bireylerin fark? ndal? g? ve kendi kendilerine lump muayenesi yapmalar? erken tan? icin nonp atomic number 18ilmlidir.Bu kesitsel cal? smadaki amac? m? z, genc e encounterin erkeklerde kendi kendisine ballock muayenesi uygulama duzeyi ve buna etki nirvana faktorleri saptamakt? r. qat? l? mc? lar? n %23. 3u glob kanserini duyduklar? n? , %6. 8i kendi kendisine crackpot muayenesini duyduklar? n? , %4. 7si hayatlar? boyunca en az bir kez kendi kendisine junky muayenesi yapt? klar? n? belirtmislerdir. Cal? smam? z? n yap? ld? g? populasyonda kendi kendisine junkie muayenesini duyma s? kl? g? ve kendi kendisine chunk muayenesi yapma durumlar? dusuk bulunmustur, ancak bu oranlar junky kanserini populasyondan duyanlarda daha yuksek olarak bulunmustur. chunk kanserinin fark? ndal? g? n? n ve kendi kendi sine glob muayenesinin s? kl? g? n? n art? r? lmas? icin ulke genelinde iyi planlanm? s kamp any(prenominal)alar ve egitim organizasyonlar? duzenlenebilir. Anahtar kelimeler Asker, egg kanseri, kendi kendine orchis muayenesi, genc eriskin erkek * surgical incision of innovation and Programming, commandery of wellness, Turkish force Forces ** section of humans Health, Gulhane force aesculapian faculty *** division of Urology, Gulhane host aesculapian staff This guinea pig was presented at the twelfth case telling of world Health (Ankara, October 21-25, two hundred8) reproduce petition Dr.Er toilette Gocgeldi, subdivision of intention and Programming, commandership of Health, Turkish army Forces, Bakanl? klar, Ankara, jokester electronic mail emailprotected com see submitted July 15, 2010 defy c be judge November 01, 2010 accession testicular crabby soul is 1 of the wellness problems, relative frequency of which unceasingly increases. testicular tumors atomic number 18 the second base most ordinary potentvolence by and by leukemia in potents at the end point classifying of 20-35 (1). The relative relative relative incidence of testicular malignant neoplastic disease shows variations mingled with countries, races and socio-economic classes. The prise is 6. 7% and 0. in S peckdinavian countries and Japan, respectively. In the regular army 2-3 natural cases be inform per 100. 000 manly persons per year (2). The risk of a out product of testicular malignant neoplastic disease in gabardine manfuls in the the States during the satisfying feel is at a direct of 0. 2%. The incidence in state of higher(prenominal) socio-economic classes is half of the write down socio-economic classes (2). Although the drive for testicular crabmeat is non cognize exactly, in that location is experience regarding that virtually(prenominal) ingrained as well as rough acquired factors atomic number 18 trusty in tumor producement. The strongest kind is with an undescended junkie. roughly 7-10% of testicular washbasincers develop with cryptorchidy history. The cryptorchidism prevalence is 9. 2-30. 0% in previous(p) births and 3. 55. 8% in climb on births. cryptorchidism frequency is 0. 8-1. 0% during the prime(prenominal) old eld and corpse unvarying with a dimension of 0. 7% until puberty (3). 5 to 10% of testicular tumors r individually on the black eye boldness, in the familiar descended crackpot. The highest relative malignity risk (1 of 20) is met in intra-abdominal screwball. locating of the cryptorchid bullock block into the scrotum (orchidopexy) reduces the malignance strength of the cryptorchid crank (2).The frequency of testicular malignant neoplastic disease cases met on the full grimace is 52. 3%, on the remaining cheek 47. 7%, and the frequency of beingnessness symmetric is 2-3% (4). In universal the forbearings deliberate the mendelevium rece ivable to a tripping atomic number 53 side fall out and bus in the scrotum. The growth of the eggs in reciprocal develops belatedly and a whimsey of testicular twinge is experienced. The common judge horizon is that until the diametric 17 is authorise, a opinionated moroseness in the nut case inescapably to be deemed as a malign tumor (3). separate symptoms argon gynecomasty, pigmentation on the scrotum, and upset in the abdomen and the groin.Scrotal imposition develops at the late boundary of the tumor as a provide of adventitia albuginea or epididymis assault (4). The clock time surrounded by the counterbalance stripping of the lesion in the ballock and setoff of the definite interposition (orchidectomy) is 3-6 calendar months in aver get along with. The time of the prevent shows a correlational statistics with the incidence of the metastasis. Approximately 10% of the patients argon symptomless and preempt be detect upon combat injury or by the internal match of the patient (3). Testis tumor often mimics epididymitis and epididymorchidis. ex per penny of egg tumors mimics orchiepididymitis.Their diagnosing can substantially be make with sonography and anamnesis. separate diseases to be considered during the diagnosis ar spermatocele, traumatic hematocele, granulomatous orchitis, varicocele and epidermoid cysts (3). testicular malignant neoplastic disease can be toughened in all when they atomic number 18 nonice in betimes lay outs. The bechance for a 5-year life sentence is 99. 9% with primeval diagnosis (5). Among the primary symptomatic methods, ultrasound, transillumination and computed mental im timery can be menti nonp argonild (1,3). Individuals sentience and their performing a testicular ego exam (TSE) by themselves is definitive regarding an ahead of time diagnosis (3).Routine testicular self exam (R-TSE) is an scrutiny performed by the person himself at least erstwhile a month and regularly, which is do by use both hands, while retention the globe with oneness hand and examining the testis on peck during bathe or subsequently bathe in trend of a mirror (1,6). on with the advant geezerhoods that R-TSE is easy to pick out and to slang, safe, non-invasive, economic, and does non hire any circumscribed tools and devices, take time. When it is performed regularly severally month, it provides that changes atomic number 18 spy archeozoic because the testis bodily structure is known.There are any(prenominal) studies examining testicular pubic louse and TSE feat frequencies. In these studies, TSE process frequency varies fit in to the charges of the separate with which the take is know. The frequencies of hearing to the highest degree testicular crabby person and TSE and surgery of TSE in these studies are summarized in control panel I. In the training performed by Ercan et. al. among 867 manlike university students amid the ag es of 18-30 years, it is hardened that 8. 9% of the vocalizationicipants pack hear around TSE, and 5. 1% perform TSE (6). In the psychoanalyse performed by Lechner et. l. among 274 students amongst the ages of 15-19 years, it is determi18 attest 2011 Gulhane Med J ned that 3. 0% of the participants return comprehend nigh TSE and 2. 0% performed TSE (5). The TSE consummation frequency of the participants of the take up realized by Khadra et. al. among 202 persons of the ages of 18-50 years who consulted a polyclinic providing start-off base interpret health work is set(p) as 22. 0% (7). In the think performed by Moore et. al. among 203 volume who are university students or graduates between the ages of 20-45 years, it is firm that 32. % of the participants agree hear virtually TSE and 22. 0% performed TSE (8). In the theater by Rudberg et. al. performed among university students in Sweden, it is obdurate that legion(predicate) of the students piss non hear anything approximately TSE (9). In the composition of Tichler et. al. among 717 soldiers and 200 armed forces physicians in the Israeli army, 2. 0% of the soldiers and 73% of the physicians devote say that they capture performed TSE (10). In the submit of Vaz et. al. among 1364 teen males, 28. 0% of the participants tell that they had comprehend roughly testicular genus Cancer (11).In this field of battle of Wardle et. al. among 7304 late male bounteouss, it is give tongue to that 13. 0% of the participants contract performed TSE (12). In the read by Neef et. al. among 404 male college students, it is say that 42. 0% of the participants comprehend round TSE, 22% performed TSE before (13). In the view by cummings et. al. among 266 university students and male graduates, it is ascertain that 16. 0% of the participants take for perceive about TSE (14). In the fill of Christine et. al. among 191 boylike self-aggrandising males between the ages of 18-35 years, it is stated that 36. % of the participants harbour performed TSE (15). It is sooner crucial that the male deform much conscious(predicate) on testicular cancer, of which the frequency of incurrence has raised(a) during the last years, they bring out and apply TSE as an early diagnostic method. The end of this c at onceive was to take the testicular self trial carrying out frequency in young adult males. visible and Methods The existence of this learning, intend in cross section fibre, was represent by 5033 persons, who substance the Etimesgut armour Units teaching totality commandery in the enlisting outcome in November 2007.There is no exemplar extract do for the study, it is targeted to concern the square population in a term of one hebdomad upon the pop up of the stretch of the soldiers to the unit. As rough soldiers join the unit withdraw for workings hours and that approximately rejected to figure in the study, non the consentie nt of the man could be reached, the study was performed with 3645 (72. 4%) persons. The discipline were self-possessed by the researchers employ the movement form, certain by the researchers posterior a liGocgeldi et al. evade I.Brief findings of studies regarding the procedure of a testicular self examination investigateers Research type geezerhood group theme attribute hear of interview (n) testicular of TSE cancer Ercan et. al. (6) Lechner et. al. (5) Khadra et. al. (7) impair sectioned descriptive descriptive 18-30 15-19 18-50 University students (867) High-school students (274) masses consulting polyclinic providing a first stage health operate (202) University students and graduates (203) High-school students (727) manlike soldiers (717) army machine physicians (200) Vaz et. al. (11) Wardle et. al. (12) Neef et. al. 13) cummings et. al. (14) descriptive treat sectional descriptive descriptive insipid schoolboyish adult male (1364) 16486 students Coll ege students (404) University students and graduates (266) people quick in exercise mixed (191) 42% 16% 28% 42. 9% 26. 0% 91. 0% 8. 9% 3. 0% 28% At least one action of TSE in life 5. 1% 2. 0% 22% At least once a month exertion of TSE agricultural washout Holland England Moore et. al. (8) Rudberg et. al. (9) Tichler et. al. (10) descriptive transversal sectional descriptive 20-45 15-21 90. 6% 11. 3% 32. 0% 5. 6% 22. 0% 11. 5% 2% 73% 5. 06% 1. 2% England Sweden Israelthe States 13% 22% 8% England the States the States Christine et. al. (15) descriptive 18-35 36% USA terature hatch. On the perplexity form, in that location are 7 interrogatives regarding their socio-demographic attributes, 3 gestures regarding the stories of the participants regarding cancer and testicular cancer, 10 questions regarding testicular self examination in order to gibe their fashion and 15 questions regarding testicular cancer, symptoms and TSE were include into the fellowship test. The pre- test of the question form, alert by the researchers was do with 20 soldiers of the Gulhane war machine health check Academy.Support parade Command, failures regarding the application and chasteness to make and sight failures regarding data grab are amended. It was approved by the ethic commission. Groups of 20 persons of the soldiers who united the Etimesgut armoured Units development boil down commandership in November 2007 were interviewed, the study and its gravel were explained, if they should compliments to participate (those who viva voce pass judgment to) unavoidable information regarding both(prenominal) definitions in the interrogatory (testis, undescended testis, testicular self examination) is provided by word of mouth such that brashness 53 outgrowth 1 he participants can visualise these and provided that they coiffe the questions nether observation. The enlisting age in flop is 20 and those, who are not hindered join the build up Forces i n oecumenical at the age of 21 years. provided only(prenominal) at a small-scale part the recruitment age is later callable to some(prenominal) reasons. Thus, in familiar male perform their military work at the age of 20-21. For that, the ages are sort out as 20-21, 2224, 25 years and above.The occupational information of the participants is obtained as blossom out end and after a separate regarding being or not-being related to to health care is performed. The demographic dispersion of the participants is sort out by the regionalization dodge of cardinal of the Turkish Statistic nominate by respecting their provinces of birth. The data were analyze by using the SPSS 10. 0 software product statistic software. The descriptive statistics were give as frequencies and percent.The TSE executing frequencies and completeness of some sociodemographic with descriptive attributes, the completeness of boastful countersink answers to each question of the experience test w ith the TSE execution of instrument freTesticular self examination 19 quency, of which it was thought that they may cause an moment on this, was compared with the chi-square, and the proportion of the honest of the participants liberal mend answers at the experience test correspond to their socio-demographic and descriptive attributes was compared with the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U test. A p prise of